سبب، نتیجہ اور کمزور دلائل

Ice cream sales and the number of drownings both rise in summer. A speaker says, "So ice cream causes drowning." What is wrong with this argument?

• 1 Nothing is wrong with it
• 2 It mixes up a link with a cause, because hot weather explains both
• 3 Ice cream sales never rise in summer
• 4 Drowning is not a real event

"A number divisible by 4 is even. The number 10 is even. So 10 is divisible by 4." What is wrong with this argument?

• 1 Being even does not mean being divisible by 4
• 2 The first statement is false
• 3 Nothing is wrong
• 4 10 is not an even number

"No one has proved that ghosts do not exist, so ghosts exist." What is wrong with this argument?

• 1 It uses too many words
• 2 It is a valid argument
• 3 Ghosts have been proved to exist
• 4 It treats a lack of proof against something as proof for it

Fuel prices rise sharply across the country. Which is the most likely effect?

• 1 Fewer people need food
• 2 Transport costs rise
• 3 Transport costs fall
• 4 Schools close permanently

Most students who study for 3 hours a day pass the exam. Ayesha studies 3 hours a day. A friend says, "So she will certainly pass." What is wrong?

• 1 Ayesha does not study
• 2 Nothing is wrong
• 3 Studying never helps
• 4 It treats a likely result as a certain one

Many students became ill after eating at the school canteen. Which action is the most sensible first step?

• 1 Do nothing
• 2 Ban all students from eating
• 3 Close all schools
• 4 Inspect the canteen food and kitchen