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Class 11 Biology notes

Written by Dr. Hira Salman (Biology)

Chapter notes with key points, definitions, short questions and model answers. Each chapter links to practice questions.

Chapter notes

Biological molecules

Water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids: their structure, functions and the food tests used to identify them. Chapter notes

Cell biology

Cell theory, microscopes and magnification, the structure and functions of cell organelles, differences between plant, animal and prokaryotic cells, and the structure of the plasma membrane with the ways substances cross it. Chapter notes

Enzymes

What enzymes are, how they lower activation energy, the lock and key and induced fit models, factors affecting enzyme rate, cofactors, inhibitors, enzyme classification and uses of enzymes in industry. Chapter notes

Bioenergetics

ATP as the energy currency, photosynthesis with its light and dark reactions and limiting factors, and aerobic and anaerobic respiration including glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport and fermentation. Chapter notes

Biodiversity and classification

Meaning of biodiversity, the need for classification, the taxonomic hierarchy, binomial nomenclature, the five kingdom system and three domains, and the main features of the major groups of organisms. Chapter notes

Prokaryotes and viruses

Features of bacteria and archaea, bacterial structure, shapes, nutrition and reproduction, harmful and useful bacteria, cyanobacteria, and the structure, multiplication and diseases of viruses including bacteriophages and HIV. Chapter notes

Fungi and protists

General features and classification of protists including Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena and Plasmodium, and the structure, nutrition, reproduction, classification, uses and harms of fungi, with lichens and mycorrhizae. Chapter notes

Cell cycle

The stages of the cell cycle, chromosome structure, mitosis and cytokinesis in animal and plant cells, meiosis and its stages, crossing over, differences between mitosis and meiosis, and cancer as uncontrolled division.

Class 11 Biology practice questions