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Class 10 Biology notes

Written by Dr. Hira Salman (Biology)

Chapter notes with key points, definitions, short questions and model answers. Each chapter links to practice questions.

Chapter notes

Gaseous exchange

Gaseous exchange in plants through stomata and lenticels, the human respiratory system, the mechanism of breathing, exchange in the alveoli, transport of gases and common respiratory disorders. Chapter notes

Homeostasis

Meaning of homeostasis, osmoregulation in plants and animals, the human kidney and urine formation, kidney disorders and treatment, the skin and its role in temperature control, and thermoregulation in humans. Chapter notes

Coordination and control

Nervous coordination, the neuron, reflex action, structure of the brain and eye, the endocrine glands and their hormones, diabetes, and the main plant hormones and tropisms. Chapter notes

Support and movement

Need for support and movement, the human skeleton and its functions, types of bones and joints, muscles and how they work in antagonistic pairs, and disorders of the skeletal system. Chapter notes

Reproduction

Asexual and sexual reproduction in animals and plants, the human male and female reproductive systems, the menstrual cycle, fertilisation and development, sexually transmitted diseases, and parts of a flower. Chapter notes

Inheritance

Mendel's experiments and laws, dominant and recessive alleles, monohybrid crosses and ratios, genotype and phenotype, sex determination, incomplete dominance, variation, mutation and some genetic disorders. Chapter notes

Man and his environment

Ecosystem and its parts, food chains and webs, cycles of carbon and nitrogen, effects of human activity, pollution of air, water and soil, global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation and conservation. Chapter notes

Biotechnology

Meaning and scope of biotechnology, fermentation and its products, genetic engineering and recombinant DNA, insulin production, tissue culture, cloning, single cell protein, biogas and applications in medicine and agriculture. Chapter notes

Pharmacology

Meaning of pharmacology and drugs, sources and kinds of drugs, antibiotics, analgesics and vaccines, drug misuse and addiction, effects of alcohol, tobacco and narcotics, and safe use of medicines.

Class 10 Biology practice questions