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Class 10 Chemistry notes

Written by Dr. Ayesha Nadeem (Chemistry)

Chapter notes with key points, definitions, short questions and model answers. Each chapter links to practice questions.

Chapter notes

Chemical equilibrium

Reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, the equilibrium constant Kc, Le Chatelier's principle and the Haber process. Chapter notes

Acids, bases and salts

Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases, properties, strength, pH scale, indicators, neutralization, buffers, types of salts, hydrolysis and common uses of acids, bases and salts. Chapter notes

Organic chemistry

Introduction to organic compounds, carbon bonding, classification, functional groups, nomenclature, isomerism, homologous series, and the structure, properties and uses of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters. Chapter notes

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, their general formulas, naming, preparation, physical and chemical properties, substitution, addition and combustion reactions, tests for unsaturation, benzene and sources and uses of hydrocarbons. Chapter notes

Biochemistry

Chemistry of living matter: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, enzymes, nucleic acids, vitamins and minerals, with their structures, classification, tests, functions and biological importance. Chapter notes

Environmental chemistry: the atmosphere

Composition and layers of the atmosphere, major air pollutants and their sources, acid rain, smog, the greenhouse effect and global warming, ozone layer depletion, and ways to control air pollution. Chapter notes

Environmental chemistry: water

Properties and importance of water, hardness and its removal, sources and types of water pollution, dissolved oxygen and BOD, eutrophication, drinking water treatment and methods of purification and conservation. Chapter notes

Chemical industries

Importance of chemical industries, raw materials and principles of manufacture, the Haber process for ammonia, the contact process for sulphuric acid, urea, the Solvay process, chlor-alkali industry, cement, petroleum refining and industries in Pakistan.

Class 10 Chemistry practice questions