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Class 11 Chemistry notes

Written by Dr. Ayesha Nadeem (Chemistry)

Chapter notes with key points, definitions, short questions and model answers. Each chapter links to practice questions.

Chapter notes

Basic concepts

Atoms, molecules and ions, relative atomic mass, the mole and Avogadro's number, empirical and molecular formulae, stoichiometry, limiting reactant and percentage yield. Chapter notes

Experimental techniques

Purification and separation methods: filtration, crystallisation, sublimation, distillation, solvent extraction and chromatography, with tests of purity such as melting point and boiling point, and calculations of recovery and Rf value. Chapter notes

Gases

Properties of gases, pressure units, Boyle's, Charles's and Avogadro's laws, the general gas equation, Dalton's and Graham's laws, kinetic molecular theory, real gases and liquefaction, with gas calculations. Chapter notes

Liquids

Intermolecular forces, hydrogen bonding, evaporation, vapour pressure, boiling point, surface tension, viscosity, capillary action, liquid crystals and heats of fusion and vaporisation, with related calculations. Chapter notes

Solids

Crystalline and amorphous solids, types of crystals, unit cells and crystal systems, packing and coordination number, isomorphism, polymorphism, transition temperature, crystal defects, metallic bonding and X-ray diffraction with Bragg's equation. Chapter notes

Chemical equilibrium

Reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, law of mass action, Kc and Kp, Le Chatelier's principle, industrial applications, ionisation of water, pH, weak acids and bases, buffers and solubility product. Chapter notes

Reaction kinetics

Rate of reaction, rate law, order and molecularity, rate constant and its units, half-life, collision and transition state theories, activation energy, Arrhenius idea, effect of temperature, concentration and catalysts. Chapter notes

Thermochemistry

System and surroundings, state functions, first law of thermodynamics, internal energy and enthalpy, exothermic and endothermic changes, standard enthalpies, calorimetry, Hess's law and bond enthalpies with calculations. Chapter notes

Electrochemistry

Oxidation numbers and redox reactions, balancing equations, electrolytic and galvanic cells, electrode potentials, the electrochemical series, Faraday's laws, batteries, fuel cells and corrosion.

Class 11 Chemistry practice questions