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Class 12 Physics notes

Written by Dr. Hamza Farooq (Physics)

Chapter notes with key points, definitions, short questions and model answers. Each chapter links to practice questions.

Chapter notes

Electrostatics

Electric charge, Coulomb's law, electric field and field lines, Gauss's law, electric potential, capacitors and dielectrics, with formulas and worked numericals. Chapter notes

Current electricity

Electric current, Ohm's law, resistivity and temperature effects, resistors in series and parallel, EMF and internal resistance, Kirchhoff's rules, Wheatstone bridge, potentiometer, electric power and the colour code. Chapter notes

Electromagnetism

Magnetic field and flux density, force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire, torque on a coil, galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter, Ampere's law, solenoid field, and the Hall effect. Chapter notes

Electromagnetic induction

Magnetic flux, Faraday's and Lenz's laws, motional EMF, eddy currents, self and mutual inductance, energy stored in an inductor, the AC generator, the DC motor and back EMF, and the transformer. Chapter notes

Alternating current

Alternating voltage and current, rms and peak values, reactance of capacitors and inductors, series RLC circuits, impedance and phase, resonance, power factor, and electromagnetic waves with their uses. Chapter notes

Physics of solids

Classification of solids, crystalline and amorphous structure, mechanical properties such as stress, strain and Young's modulus, Hooke's law, elastic energy, band theory of conductors, insulators and semiconductors, and magnetic and superconducting materials. Chapter notes

Electronics

Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-n junction diode, rectification, transistor action and amplification, logic gates with truth tables, and the operational amplifier with its inverting and non-inverting uses. Chapter notes

Dawn of modern physics

Black body radiation and Planck's quantum idea, the photoelectric effect and Einstein's equation, the Compton effect, pair production, de Broglie waves, the electron microscope, the uncertainty principle, and relativity. Chapter notes

Atomic spectra

Rutherford's atomic model and its failure, the Bohr model of hydrogen, energy levels and orbit radii, the hydrogen spectral series, emission and absorption spectra, X-rays and their spectrum, and the laser. Chapter notes

Nuclear physics

Nuclear structure and isotopes, mass defect and binding energy, radioactivity and decay law, half life, nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radiation detectors, biological effects and uses of radioisotopes.

Class 12 Physics practice questions