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Class 12 Chemistry notes

Written by Dr. Ayesha Nadeem (Chemistry)

Chapter notes with key points, definitions, short questions and model answers. Each chapter links to practice questions.

Chapter notes

Periodic classification and periodicity

The modern periodic table and its blocks, and the trends of atomic radius, ionisation energy, electron affinity, electronegativity and metallic character across periods and down groups. Chapter notes

s and p block elements

Periodic trends and chemistry of groups 1 and 2, anomalous behaviour of lithium and beryllium, and the p block groups 13 to 18, including key compounds, industrial processes (Solvay, Haber, Contact, Hall-Heroult) and noble gases. Chapter notes

Transition elements

Position and electronic configuration of d-block elements, general properties, variable oxidation states, colour, magnetism, catalysis, complex formation, important compounds such as KMnO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇, and uses of transition metals. Chapter notes

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and benzene: general formulas, nomenclature, isomerism, preparation, physical properties, characteristic reactions, aromaticity, electrophilic substitution and tests for unsaturation. Chapter notes

Alkyl halides

Classification and naming of alkyl halides, methods of preparation, physical properties, nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions, Grignard reagents and common uses with environmental concerns. Chapter notes

Alcohols and phenols

Classification and naming of alcohols, phenols and ethers, preparation, hydrogen bonding and physical properties, reactions of alcohols and phenols, acidity, tests to distinguish them, and uses of methanol and ethanol. Chapter notes

Aldehydes and ketones

Structure and naming of carbonyl compounds, preparation, physical properties, nucleophilic addition, oxidation and reduction, tests to distinguish aldehydes from ketones, aldol condensation and uses of methanal and propanone. Chapter notes

Carboxylic acids

Structure and naming of carboxylic acids, preparation, physical properties, acidity and the effect of substituents, reactions of the carboxyl group, derivatives such as esters, acid chlorides and amides, and uses. Chapter notes

Macromolecules

Polymers and polymerisation, addition and condensation polymers, natural and synthetic polymers, carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, lipids, nucleic acids, and the uses and environmental effects of plastics. Chapter notes

Industrial and environmental chemistry

Manufacture of ammonia, sulfuric acid, sodium carbonate by the Solvay process and urea, fertilizers and cement, together with air, water and soil pollution, the ozone layer, acid rain, global warming and their control.

Class 12 Chemistry practice questions